Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York


Architect
Frank Lloyd Wright
Date Built
Opened October 1959
Location
1071 5th Ave
Description



When Hilla von Rebay wrote to Frank Lloyd Wright, inviting him to design a building to accommodate the art collection of Solomon R. Guggenheim, she apparently explained to the architect that the client's desire was that, “…each of these great masterpieces should be organized into space” since “(these paintings) are order, creating order and are “sensitive” (and correcting even) to space”  In choosing Wright she added that, "... I need a fighter, a lover of space, an originator, a tester and a wise man”.  It would appear that Rebay found a man who exhibited all of these characteristics although, considering all the disagreements she and her successor had with Wright, perhaps over time she doubted his wisdom.



Wright created several versions of the building.  In an article in the Smithsonian Magazine, published in June of 2015, Riccardo Bianchini explains that, "... Wright prepared four proposed versions of the building, three with a circular shape and one with a hexagonal one, but it was not clear whether the building should have a horizontal or a tall appearance, or even if it had to be vigorously colored or monochrome." 

Below is an image of the building under construction.


The image above is from the building's Wikipedia page where it says that, "This work is from the Gottscho-Schleisner collection at the Library of Congress. According to the library, there are no known copyright restrictions on the use of this work.  Images in this collection have been placed in the public domain by the heirs of the photographers. 


The design that most resembles the finished building was arrived at in September of 1945 but the building took 14 more years to complete.  This was due to issues over planning consent and Wright's ongoing differences with Rebay and her successor James Sweeney.

In the book, The Guggenheim: Frank Lloyd Wright's Iconoclastic Masterpiece, by Francesco Dal Co, the building is described as being composed of ".... two volumes of different heights (that) rise upward, variously connected and joined to accommodate both the galleries distributed around a dilated, empty atrium illuminated from above (the “crystal court”) and the “Holy of Holies”, the space where the collection’s most important works are displayed (now called the “High Gallery”)." (see below)




*********************











 
"To achieve the necessary union between exposed art and architecture, Wright decided to adopt a continuous, organic shape with a large central void encircled by a long uninterrupted exhibition path in the form of a descending ramp. The inspiration was most likely a previous design by Wright for the unrealized Gordon Strong Automobile Objective, a panoramic overlook on Sugarloaf Mountain that visitors would reach by driving their cars along a giant spiral ramp."  Because of Wright's dislike of artificial light he gave the building a huge domed skylight to illuminate the building.



The ramp was a revolutionary feature.  Visitors would be transported to the top of the building in elevators and then, as they strolled down the ramp the exhibition would unfold before their eyes.  "... Every 30 degrees, a narrow load-bearing wall gives a precise cadence to the path. The space is unified, there are no traditional exhibition halls or secluded treasure rooms, almost all parts of the museum can be perceived from every point inside it and the visitors always know where they are and where they are going. From the central lobby (the “Rotunda”) several exhibition levels can be seen simultaneously." 



Bruce Brooks Pfeiffer, director of the Frank Lloyd Wright Archives in Scottsdale, Arizona, said that, "The strange thing about the ramp—I always feel I am in a space-time continuum, because I see where I've been and where I'm going".








However, the ramp was not popular with some of the artists whose work was exhibited in the museum.  "This revolutionary concept also had its drawbacks: there are almost no horizontal floors, with the exception of the rotunda which Wright intended as a social and gathering space, not for exhibition purposes. There are few planar walls on which paintings could be hung and the reduced ceiling height inside the exhibition ramp makes it unsuitable for displaying large artworks.".... "... Furthermore many artists felt that their works were overpowered by the architectural strength of the “container” and worried that their artworks would not receive necessary “sympathetic” attention from the visitors."  Wright of course disagreed saying that, "... No, it is not to subjugate the paintings to the building that I conceived this plan.  On the contrary, it was to make the building and the painting a beautiful symphony such as never existed in the world of Art before."


***********************************************

- More views of the building -


The Thanhauser gallery

 













*******************************

The Aye Simon Reading Room

The Richard Meier & Partners Architects LLP website explains the history behind the space shown in the images below. "Frank Lloyd Wright had originally designated a small, curved room on the second floor of the Guggenheim Museum, along the windowless Fifth Avenue edge of the building underneath the spiraling rotunda, as a repository for his drawings and models of the museum. Over the years it was used as an employees lunch room and a storage area. In 1978 the museum decided to have the space converted into a reading room."  This was made possible by a grant from the Esther A. Simon Charitable Trust. Esther Simon, known as Aye Simon, was an artist, collector, and influential steadfast patron of cultural institutions



"In effecting the transformation, three original round skylights were taken as primary organizational cues. Each of the skylights focuses on a major activity area: reception, reading table, and built-in banquette. All of the furniture – including the banquette, bookshelves, tables, chairs – is of curvilinear, light-finished oak, and was especially designed for the space. .....



......  The portal to the almond-shaped room, which is entered from the second level of the spiral ramp, is in the shape of a giant keyhole or moon gate. This round shape helps to mask the transition from sloping to flat floor plane and to minimize the distortion that the canted wall surface would have accentuated in a more rectilinear form. It also echoes the shape of the elevator, which is directly opposite across the ramp. Beyond this thick-walled, ceremonial doorway, a semicircular vestibule restates Wright’s circular theme and further mediates the change in floor levels, modulating and deflecting one’s entry into the room."




**********************************************

In 1966 the U. S. Postal Service issued a stamp honouring Wright and featuring the Guggenheim.



There aren't a lot of examples of museums and galleries, built after 1959, that followed Wright's lead.  There are though some examples including the Mercedes Museum in Stuttgart ...




... and the Museum of Cinema in Turin.




********************

The Guggenheim Extension  Building

In 1992, a museum extension designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects was added behind Wright's Guggenheim building in New York.  It is an eight-story rectangular tower like one version of Wright's initial proposals.  It provides, "... a series of more traditional flat-floor exhibition rooms that eventually allowed large paintings and sculptures to be exhibited more practically."



A glass clad structure connectrs the original building to the extension.